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Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

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Konu: Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Okunma Sayısı 348 defa)

17 Ocak 2009, 15:34:54

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Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

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GREAT LEADER

MustafaKemal, founder of the Turkish Republic, was born in Saloniki on thel9th May 1881 of humble background. His father started out as a customsofficer, later becoming a timber merchant. Following his sudden deathhe left behind a family having to fend for itself. Asa child Mustafa finished primary school in Saloniki, going on tosecondary education at Rucholigè School. Despite opposition from hisuncle, who had taken on the responsibility of looking after the widowand her two children following the death of his brother, Mustafaentered military school, completing his military training in Istanbul.He succeeded in entering the Military School (Harbiye) where hecompleted his studies with flying colours, after which he was acceptedinto the School of the General Staff. In December 1905 he wascommissioned as General Staff Captain.
Throughouthis studies Mustafa Kemal consistently proved himself a conscientious,aspiring and diligent student who liked to interest himself withparticularly difficult and complex problems. Whilst at military schoolin Saloniki, he distinguished himself in mathematics and literature. Atthe same time, and due mainly to his own efforts he started to learnFrench, in which he made considerable progress. Yet another trait ofcharacter which began to show through in his early youth was Mustafa'sability to show initiative and exceptionally his ability to giveorders, whilst at the same time maintaining a sense of fraternity withhis comrades. In the School of the General Staff he pondered long andhard over the hardship caused by the dictatorial rule of Abdullamid,who from within his famous Yildiz Palace spread fear throughout thewhole country. Just like his comrades at the school, Mustafa harbouredthe same feelings of disgust and rebelliousness towards the politicalregime of the Sultan. For this reason he did not hesitate for onemoment about taking part in the secret underground activities going onat the General Staff School, directed towards the overthrow of theYildiz Regime.
Betweenthe years 1905 and 1918 Mustafa Kemal was deservedly awarded highranking posts in the military chain of command. He became Chief ofGeneral Staff of the army that was sent out from Saloniki to put downthe uprising of the l3th April 1909, a movement designed to return thecountry to Hamadic Absolutism and which had started with the nonrecognition of the Constitution that had been declared on the 23rd July1908. Mustafa proved to have special qualities in the organisation andmanagement of this army of oppression, known as the Army of theMovement. In 1910 he lead the Turkish Forces during military manoeuvresin the Province of Picardy in France. In 1911 he fought in Tripoliagainst the Italians, and in 1914 whilst serving as Military Attaché inSofia, he successfully drew the governments attention to thecatastrophic results connected with Turkey's entry into the war withGermany and its allies.
DuringWorld War I Mustafa fought against the Allied Forces at theDardanelles, the Russians on the Mus Front, in the east and against theBritish in Syria and Iraq. During the war he visited Germany asMilitary Adviser, together with hereditary Prince Vahdettin. At thetime of signing the Armistice Declaration on the 30th October 1918Mustafa Kemal remained at the head of his troops, a command given tohim by the German General Liman von Sanders. In the years between 1918and 1923 Mustafa Kemal was at the forefront of the Turkish War ofIndependence and involved with the eradication of the antiquatedinstitutions of the Osmanic Empire and in laying the foundations of thenew Turkish State. He approached the National Congresses of Erzurum andSivas to organise and lift the morale of the people in its determinedopposition to the Forces of the Entente who were occupying Anatolia.
Bythe end of these conventions he had managed to convey the message thatthe idea and the ideals of outdated imperialism ought be dropped sothat people within the national boundaries could make decisions inaccordance with the principles and general guidelines of an effectivenational policy. After the occupation of Istanbul by the Forces of theEntente he laid the foundations for the new Turkish State when in 1920he united the Great National Assembly in Ankara. With the government ofthe Great National Assembly, of which he was President, Mustafa Kemalfought the Forces of the Entente and the Sultan's army which hadremained there in collaboration with the occupying forces. Finally, onthe 9th September 1922 he succeeded in driving the Allied Forces backto Izmir, along with the other forces which had managed to penetratethe heartland of Anatolia. By this action he saved the country frominvasion by foreign forces.
Onthe 24th July 1923 the States of the Entente were obliged to recognisethe territorial integrity of Turkey in the Treaty of Lausanne. So itcame to pass that in quite a spectacular fashion Mustafa Kemal hadachieved the first step in his reform programme, the creation of asovereign and independent state.
From1923 to 1938 Mustafa Kemal's main work lay in leading the Turkish Stateand its people along the path in the direction of the outside civilisedworld. The ideal of an independent fatherland within nationalboundaries had already been achieved before 1922 and therefore the ideaof a truly modern state, whose role relied on the sovereignty of itspeople, could be developed by the most rational means available duringthis period.
Followingtheir separation, Sultanat was abolished in 1922, whilst Khalifatcontinued to exist. At the Proclamation of the Republic on the 29thOctober 1923 this emporia institution proved to be superfluous and itwas likewise abolished. This also resulted in the disbandment of othertheocratic institutions on which Khalifat was founded. By the sametoken all similar types of organisations and theological institutionswhich had regulated the role of the individual and society in generalwere closed. Finally by amendment to the constitution, the principle of(secularism) - that all so important factor in community life - wasintroduced as an anchor of the new democratic and republicanconstitution. As a result of this new direction, all laws, rules andregulations, institutions and methods of a theological nature that hadbeen an influence on the dealings of state and social order wereabolished and various political and social reforms introduced alongWestern lines, suitably adapted to meet national security andinterests.
Inbrief are mentioned here some of the important reforms introduced underKemal: the international calendar and time were adopted (1923).
inplace of the traditional head garment, the fez, introduced under therule of Sultan Nahmond II, the West's style of hat became obligatory(1925).
Swiss civil law was introduced adapted to the conditions and needs of the country (1926).
the Latin alphabet was adopted (1928).
The Civil Code, Penal Statute Book and the Trade Law Book were introduced.
Thelegal position of women and their place in society in the new republicwas greatly improved (for example the active and passive voting rightat national and local elections).
Onlydue to the efforts of this great man, which he maintained withexceptional strength of character and persistence, helped along by hisability to work methodically, was it possible to introduce all thesereforms. Thanks to his great organising talent he led the country toconsiderable prosperity and down the path of civilisation and peace.
Kemallaid the foundations of a truly modern Turkey, a democratic, republicanand independent state based on national sovereignty. Although theseideas originated from him and were paramount in the foundation of thenew state they remain today an integral part of the republicangovernment of our country. The foundation stone, or perhaps even thevery soul of Ataturk's spiritual and intellectual philosophy, was thethought of universal peace and although the biggest part of his lifewas taken up by war, he always considered it a crime.
Accordingto Ataturk war can only be just or justified if it is fought out ofsheer necessity or for reasons of national defence, or pursued by apeople awaiting their sovereignty, their very lives depending on it.
Tolive freely and be independent is both a holy right of the individualand of the nation, this right being stronger than power itself. Only byhis own personal conviction was he able to frame the all inspiringguiding principle of the Republic of Turkey - "Peace in the country,peace in the world." This principle points with absolute clarity anddetermination the way forward for the country's future home and foreignpolicy.
Fromthe ideas that Ataturk held the idea of civilisation should not beoverlooked as it is no less important. In the course of his short lifehe never ceased repeating the fact that views which are based broadlyon regional perspective's of the West or East, or on religiousperspective's, be they Islam or Christian, often weaken the thoughts ofcivilisation, as they fail to manifest the small or specialcharacteristics. Civilisation is something whole and exclusively human,a universal property. It therefore goes without saying, that the shareevery nation in the world has in civilisation is considerable.
Inthe view of this inspired reformer, mankind has a duty to constantlyadapt himself to the needs that reason demand. His guide in life shouldbe science. Following on from these basic beliefs Kemal took it uponhimself to provide everyone in the country with an education, at theheart of which lay the creation of citizens having special qualities,or in other words, the sense and direction of the education he wantedto give to the people was very clear in that the Republic needed toproduce generations of people whose thinking, beliefs and educationwere totally free. Not to mention his view of egoism being whollyincompatible with the idea of civilisation "Egoism, whether individualor national is to be condemned". He reminds us that all nations of theworld form one large family and that whenever a disaster strikes one ofits members, then it is felt by the rest - like the pain felt from aneedle penetrating a part of the body and felt throughout the wholebody.
Withthe intention of spreading his ideas within the educational sector, andsupported by national campaigns, Kemal continued to put forward hisform of humanitarian education, with the aim of producing anenlightened people free from prejudice and intolerance. The desiredobjective being simply to develop citizens of the world, free fromdesires such as envy, revenge and conspiracy. In a world inhabited bysuch communities it might be possible to find an instrument, anorganisation that stands above individual states, or in other words: "abody of united nations", whose main purpose is to maintain peace.
Inthis respect Ataturk's ideas date from the time between the World Wars,particularly that before World War II but are nevertheless topicalbecause in a way Ataturk had predicted the concept of the UnitedNations.
Furthermore,it was at a time when the ideological battle had reached its climax andfor this reason such views were of a prophetic nature.
Fora man who had set himself the task of building up a country based onthe most convincing human achievements and under the banner of reason.
The Inauguration of the Monument to the "Unknown Soldier" held in Dumlupinar on the 30th August 1924

MustafaKemal was again dressed very well, his eyes sparkling and radiant withhappiness over the "Great Victory" and accompanied by his wife LatifeHanim and wartime comrades. He talked to the crowd, his beloved people,saying; "A country may be conquered forcibly, but that in itself is notenough to govern its people. As long as its soul has not beenconquered, its determination and resolution cannot be destroyed and itis a nation impossible to rule" …. "Undoubtable, the foundation laidwill give to the new Turkish Republic and state its stability. Theeternal life of the Turkish Republic has been crowned here. The Turkishblood shed on the battlefields and the souls of the martyrs in heavenwill be the immortal guardians of our state and republic" …."Gentlemen, the most important effect of this great victory is that theTurkish Nation has gained absolute control of its independence. If weremember the years of suffering under the reign of khans, monarchs,sultans and caliphs, we can now understand the importance of gainingindependence." In connection with the nations independence MustafaKemal stated; "Gentlemen, the nation's independence is a power thatbreaks chains and burns crowns and thrones. Unions which were based onthe slavery of nations, will always be condemned to decline."
Onthe Cal Plain, Ataturk expressed his opinion about the sultans andcaliphs saying: "My friends, expelling from Turkey those who sat intheir palaces relying on nothing other than (Turkishness), and whomarched with our enemies against Anatolia and against (Turkishness) hasproved an even greater mission than that of removing the enemy from ourcountry. (!) Absolute control of the Turkish Nation, our country andancestral heritage, could only be achieved following the closure ofthese superfluous and harmful offices.
Ataturkin expressing his opinion about technology and science stated; "Ourcountry not only needs cultural development and wealth but alsoscience, technology, civilisation, freedom of thought and a freeideology. Our honour, independence and existence must support us in thebasic and important work necessary to achieve the interests of thenation.
Thepeople who ruled Turkey for centuries thought of everything exceptTurkey itself! Our nation is unselfish in its desire for independenceand land and this has been proven. Our nation is the guardian ofreform. A nation encompassing such high values cannot therefore be ledastray by others."
Atmidnight on Thursday the 3rd September 1936, during the Balkan Festivalat the Beylerbeyi Palace, Ataturk honoured the gala with a visit.Yugoslavian, Bulgarian, Romanian and Turkish delegations and folkgroups took part. When Ataturk arrived all the groups sang together;"Welcome, Mustafa Kemal Pasa". General Kazim Dirik out Ataturk'sspeech to the guests; "The fortunes of mankind must be realised bymoving closer together, by loving each other and by meeting each otherwith pure feelings and thoughts. A symbol of this high human ideal isour being here together this night. For this reason, I express my greatappreciation to our important guests."

Later,a Turkish child communicated Ataturk's notes to the guests. "A nationis able to carry out reforms in many ways and to succeed in them. Thereformation of music however reflects the exceptional development of anation.

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Bir ileri bir geri her Ad?m bu kap?n?n ard? demek
Sonunda bo?ulmak olsada benim o sularda yüzmem gerek
Anahtar deli?inden görünen bu küçücük manzara
Sana yetiyorsa yetsin benim o sularda yüzmem gerek

...Bozma Kafam?,Bozar?m Kafan?...

17 Ocak 2009, 15:43:24

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Ynt: Great Leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

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Eline sa?l?k can?m te?kkürler dünkü gelen arkada?tan sonra ingilizce anlat?mlar?nda olmas? gerekti?ini dü?ünüyorum. Atatürk gibi bir önderi onlarda tan?mal? tabiki.


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Ey Türk !!

"Gökte Mavi Gök Çökmedikçe, Altta Yağız Yer Yarılamadıkça, Senin İlini Ve Töreni Kim Bozabilir"

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